ГДЗ по английскому языку 10 класс Афанасьева Spotlight Базовый уровень страница - 73

### Ответ к упражнениям (Spotlight 10, Module 4d, pp. 72–73) --- #### **Exercise 2 a** * **Key words (Ключевые слова в задании):** *class discussion, banning cars from city centres, write an essay, school magazine, arguments for and against, 200-250 words.* 1. **What will the essay be about?** The essay will be about the advantages (pros) and disadvantages (cons) of banning cars from city centres. 2. **What style will you write it in?** Formal / semi-formal style (discursive essay style). 3. **Pros and Cons:** * **Pros (arguments for banning cars):** * *reduce traffic jams* (уменьшение пробок) * *reduce accidents* (снижение числа аварий) * *reduce air and noise pollution* (снижение загрязнения воздуха и уровня шума) * **Cons (arguments against banning cars):** * *cars are faster and more comfortable* (машины быстрее и комфортнее) * *crowded public transport* (переполненный общественный транспорт) * *public transport follows fixed routes* (общественный транспорт ходит только по строго определенным маршрутам) * *lower petrol costs* (может рассматриваться как аргумент «за» для экономии людей или аргумент «против» для нефтяных компаний / снижения доходов АЗС, чаще — преимущество перехода на альтернативы: **pro**). * **Additional ideas (Дополнительные идеи):** * **Pro:** promotes a healthier lifestyle (walking, cycling). * **Con:** difficulties for local businesses delivering goods and for people with disabilities. --- #### **Exercise 2 b** * **Paragraph 1:** *presenting the topic* * **Paragraph 2:** *first point, pros and cons* * **Paragraph 3:** *second point, pros and cons* * **Paragraph 4:** *third point, pros and cons* * **Paragraph 5:** *writer's opinion* --- #### **Exercise 3** * **Paragraph 2:** * **Topic sentence:** *"First of all, we will look at convenience."* * **Supporting sentences:** *"Cars are usually considered the most convenient form of transport in the city. This is because you do not have to walk anywhere or wait for public transport. However, if city centres were empty of cars, other kinds of transport would improve. For example, cycling would be easier and buses would move faster."* * **Alternative topic sentence:** *To begin with, convenience is an important factor to take into account.* * **Paragraph 3:** * **Topic sentence:** *"Secondly, there is the question of safety."* * **Supporting sentences:** *"Many people are hurt by cars every year, whether drivers, passengers or pedestrians. There is no doubt that banning cars from city centres would end that completely. There would be new dangers, though. For example, accidents between cyclists and pedestrians would probably increase."* * **Alternative topic sentence:** *Another crucial aspect to consider is safety on the roads.* * **Paragraph 4:** * **Topic sentence:** *"Finally, pollution needs to be discussed."* * **Supporting sentences:** *"On the one hand, banning cars would certainly reduce the air and noise pollution in the city centre. On the other hand, electric cars produce neither exhaust fumes nor noise, so it seems unfair to ban them along with petrol and diesel cars."* * **Alternative topic sentence:** *Lastly, the environmental impact of city traffic should not be overlooked.* --- #### **Exercise 4** * **1 – C** (1. *There are certainly a number of good reasons for using natural gas.* $\rightarrow$ C. *First of all, it doesn't pollute as much as burning coal or petroleum.*) * **2 – A** (2. *There is no doubt that using public transport has many advantages.* $\rightarrow$ A. *Firstly, it is more environmentally friendly as it helps to clear the roads of cars. This, in turn, reduces air and noise pollution.*) * **3 – B** (3. *There are, however, a few disadvantages to using solar energy.* $\rightarrow$ B. *The main one is that it can be expensive to set up such a system. Also, it is of no use at night.*) --- #### **Exercise 5 (Example supporting sentences)** 1. **There are many advantages to recycling.** *Supporting sentence:* Firstly, it reduces the amount of waste sent to landfills and conserves valuable natural resources such as trees and minerals. 2. **On the other hand, there are certain disadvantages to clearing forests.** *Supporting sentence:* The main drawback is the destruction of natural wildlife habitats, which leads to the extinction of many animal and plant species. --- #### **Exercise 6 a** * **First of all** (Paragraph 2) — *Purpose:* to list points $\rightarrow$ *Alternative:* **Firstly / To begin with** * **This is because** (Paragraph 2) — *Purpose:* to introduce a reason/detail $\rightarrow$ *Alternative:* **The reason for this is that** * **However** (Paragraph 2) — *Purpose:* to contrast $\rightarrow$ *Alternative:* **Nevertheless / On the other hand** * **For example** (Paragraph 2, 3) — *Purpose:* to introduce examples $\rightarrow$ *Alternative:* **For instance** * **Secondly** (Paragraph 3) — *Purpose:* to list points $\rightarrow$ *Alternative:* **In addition / Furthermore** * **though** (Paragraph 3) — *Purpose:* to contrast $\rightarrow$ *Alternative:* **although / however** * **Finally** (Paragraph 4) — *Purpose:* to list the last point $\rightarrow$ *Alternative:* **Lastly** * **On the one hand ... On the other hand ...** (Paragraph 4) — *Purpose:* to contrast $\rightarrow$ *Alternative:* **While ... nevertheless / Although ...** * **All in all** (Paragraph 5) — *Purpose:* to conclude $\rightarrow$ *Alternative:* **To sum up / In conclusion / All things considered** --- #### **Exercise 6 b** 1. There are many advantages to raising parking charges. **However**, there are **also** certain disadvantages. 2. **Not only** do I think the rainforests should be protected, **but** many more trees should be planted. 3. **All in all**, I am opposed to nuclear energy. 4. **On the one hand**, I agree with using clean fuel in cars. **On the other hand**, this will inconvenience people. --- #### **Exercise 7 a** * **Expressing agreement (Согласие):** * *I am (strongly/very much/totally) in favour of ...* * *I (strongly, etc) agree with/believe that ...* * **Expressing disagreement (Несогласие):** * *I would disagree that ...* * *I (strongly, etc) disagree with ...* * *I am (totally, etc) opposed to/against ...* * **Expressing both / Neutral opinion (Нейтральные фразы / для обоих случаев):** * *I think/believe that ...* * *In my opinion/view, ...* * *I would argue that ...* * *It seems/appears to me that ...* --- #### **Exercise 7 b (Example sentences)** * *I am strongly in favour of reducing packaging to protect the environment.* * *I am totally opposed to cutting down ancient trees to build roads.* * *In my view, people should try to use public transport instead of personal cars.* --- ### Подробное объяснение и правила 1. **Структура эссе «За и против» (Pros & Cons Essay):** * **Введение:** содержит формулировку проблемы (без выражения личного мнения) и перечисление аспектов, которые будут рассмотрены. * **Основная часть (Main Body):** каждый абзац начинается с **Topic sentence** (предложение, задающее тему абзаца), за которым следуют аргументы «за» и «против» с подтверждающими предложениями (**Supporting sentences** — факты, пояснения, примеры). * **Заключение:** подводит итог вышесказанному (**All in all / In conclusion**) и выражает личную позицию автора. 2. **Слова-связки (Linkers):** * Для последовательности/перечисления (*to list*): *Firstly, Secondly, Finally, To begin with*. * Для противопоставления (*to contrast*): *However, On the one hand... On the other hand..., Nevertheless*. * Для добавления мыслей (*to add a point*): *Not only... but (also)..., In addition, Also*. * Для вывода (*to conclude*): *All in all, To sum up, All things considered*. 3. **Конструкция «Not only ... but (also)» (Ex. 6b, п. 2):** * Когда фраза начинается с отрицательного наречия *Not only*, используется инверсия (обратный порядок слов): *Not only **do I think**... but...*