ГДЗ по английскому языку 10 класс Афанасьева Spotlight Базовый уровень страница - 152

### Итоговые ответы к заданиям --- #### 1. What is the difference between heat and temperature? * **Heat** is a form of energy that flows from a warmer object to a cooler one (it depends on the amount of matter and the speed of molecules). * **Temperature** is a measurement of how hot or cold an object is (it is the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance). --- #### 2a. Two questions about thermometers: 1. *How does a liquid-in-glass thermometer work?* * **Answer:** It works on the principle of thermal expansion: the liquid (such as mercury or alcohol) expands and rises up the tube when heated, and contracts and goes down when cooled. 2. *Who invented the first modern mercury thermometer?* * **Answer:** Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit invented it in the early 18th century. --- #### 2b. True (T) / False (F) & Vocabulary: * **a — F (False)** *(Thermometers measure temperature, not heat.)* * **b — F (False)** *(Mercury contracts/becomes smaller when it is cooled; it expands when heated.)* * **c — F (False)** *(The Fahrenheit scale was invented first, in the early 1700s; the Celsius scale was introduced later, in 1742.)* * **d — T (True)** *(Water boils at 212°F on the Fahrenheit scale.)* **Explanation of typical keywords in bold:** * **expand** — to increase in size, volume, or area (расширяться). * **contract** — to decrease in size or become smaller (сжиматься). * **scale** — a set of numbers or marks used for measuring (шкала). * **mercury** — a heavy, silvery-white poisonous liquid metal used in thermometers (ртуть). * **freezing point** — the temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid (точка замерзания). * **boiling point** — the temperature at which a liquid begins to boil and turn into vapour (точка кипения). --- #### 3. Statements using the two scales: * *Water boils at 100°C or 212°F.* *(Образец)* * **Room temperature is about 23°C or 72°F.** * **Water freezes at 0°C or 32°F.** * **Absolute zero is -273°C or -459°F.** --- #### 4. **a. Questions and answers based on the texts:** * **Q1:** *Why did Anders Celsius invent his temperature scale?* **A1:** *He wanted a system based on the freezing and boiling points of water divided into 100 equal degrees.* * **Q2:** *What is absolute zero?* **A2:** *It is the lowest possible temperature where all molecular motion stops (-273°C or -459°F).* * **Q3:** *What liquid is commonly used in traditional thermometers?* **A3:** *Mercury or colored alcohol.* **b. Reading aloud (Чтение вслух):** *При чтении текста B вслух следите за правильным произношением числительных и единиц измерения: `degrees Celsius` [dɪˈɡriːz ˈselsiəs], `degrees Fahrenheit` [dɪˈɡriːz ˈfærənhaɪt], `minus` [ˈmaɪnəs], соблюдайте паузы на знаках препинания и уложитесь в 1.5 минуты.* --- #### 5. Project: Types of Thermometers * **1. Liquid-in-Glass Thermometer (Жидкостный термометр)** This is a traditional thermometer containing mercury or coloured alcohol inside a sealed glass tube. When temperature rises, the liquid expands and moves up the calibrated scale. * **2. Digital (Electronic) Thermometer (Электронный/цифровой термометр)** Digital thermometers use electronic heat sensors (thermistors) to measure body or air temperature. The reading is shown almost instantly on an LCD screen. * **3. Infrared Thermometer (Инфракрасный термометр / пирометр)** These non-contact devices detect the thermal infrared radiation emitted by an object or a person's forehead. They are fast, hygienic, and widely used in medicine and industry. * **4. Bimetallic Strip Thermometer (Биметаллический термометр)** This mechanical device consists of two different metals bonded together. Because the metals expand at different rates when heated, the strip bends and turns a pointer on a dial. --- ### Подробное объяснение и перевод 1. **Различие между теплом (*heat*) и температурой (*temperature*):** * *Heat* (теплота) — это полная тепловая энергия тела, которая может передаваться другим телам (измеряется в Джоулях). * *Temperature* (температура) — это мера нагретости тела, отражающая среднюю кинетическую энергию движения его молекул (измеряется в градусах Цельсия, Фаренгейта или Кельвинах). 2. **Работа со шкалами (Задание 3):** * Предложения строятся по устойчивому шаблону: `[Subject] + [verb] + at [value]°C or [value]°F.` * Числительные со знаком минус читаются со словом **minus** (например, *-273°C* = *minus two hundred and seventy-three degrees Celsius*).