ГДЗ по английскому языку 8 класс Ваулина рабочая тетрадь Spotlight страница - 32

### Итоговый ответ #### Exercise 1 2. **She got a degree in Engineering after she had studied for four years.** *(или: After she had studied for four years, she got a degree in Engineering. / She had studied for four years before she got a degree in Engineering.)* 3. **He had worked as a sales assistant before he got a new job as a car salesman.** *(или: After he had worked as a sales assistant, he got a new job as a car salesman.)* 4. **Ann and David had been engaged for five months when they got married.** *(или: After Ann and David had been engaged for five months, they got married.)* 5. **Mr Harris went to hospital after he had been sick for many weeks.** *(или: Mr Harris had been sick for many weeks before he went to hospital.)* --- #### Exercise 2 *(Примеры предложений по хронологической шкале событий)* * **1848–1855:** Before Mendeleev started his teaching career in Simferopol, he had entered the Main Pedagogical Institute in St Petersburg. * **1855–1856:** *(Пример из задания)* Before Mendeleev received a master's degree in chemistry, he had started his teaching career. * **1856–1860:** After Mendeleev had received a master's degree in chemistry, he attended the International Chemistry Congress in Germany. * **1860–1865:** Before Mendeleev became a professor of chemistry at the University of St Petersburg, he had attended the International Chemistry Congress in Germany. * **1865–1869:** Mendeleev discovered the periodic law and the periodic table of elements after he had become a professor of chemistry at the University of St Petersburg. --- #### Exercise 3 1) **started** 2) **had been playing** *(или: had played)* 3) **won** *(или: had won)* 4) **voted** 5) **had named** 6) **retired** --- #### Exercise 4 1) **had been sailing** *(допустимо: were sailing)* 2) **had been planning** 3) **had been sailing** 4) **appeared** 5) **came** *(допустимо: was coming)* 6) **told** 7) **was becoming** 8) **was blowing** 9) **started** 10) **heard** 11) **saw** 12) **had struck** 13) **were sinking** 14) **put on** 15) **sent out** 16) **jumped** 17) **sank** 18) **heard** 19) **helped** 20) **gave** 21) **had never felt** --- ### Объяснение и правила 1. **Past Simple vs Past Perfect (Ex. 1 & 2):** * Если одно действие в прошлом произошло раньше другого, предшествующее действие выражается в **Past Perfect** (*had + V3/ed*), а последующее — в **Past Simple** (*V2/ed*). * Союзы-маркеры: * **after** + *Past Perfect* (после того как что-то произошло); * **before** + *Past Simple* (до того как произошло второе действие); * **when** + *Past Simple / Past Perfect* (в зависимости от контекста). 2. **Past Perfect Continuous (Ex. 3 & 4):** * Используется для выражения длительного действия, которое началось в прошлом и продолжалось до определенного момента в прошлом (часто с предлогами **for** — *в течение* и **since** — *с*). * *Пример (Ex. 3, №2):* «...he **had been playing** for Juventus for five years» (он играл на протяжении 5 лет до перехода в «Реал»). * *Пример (Ex. 4, №3):* «They **had been sailing** for over two hours when black clouds appeared» (действие длилось 2 часа до того, как появились тучи). 3. **Последовательность действий и фоновые процессы (Ex. 4):** * **Past Continuous** (*was/were + V-ing*) используется для описания атмосферы, погоды или процесса в развитии в определенный момент: *the water was becoming rough, the wind was blowing, they were sinking*. * **Past Simple** используется для цепочки последовательных кратких действий: *put on, sent out and jumped; helped and gave*. * **Past Perfect** используется для результата к определенному моменту: *had struck* (лодка уже наткнулась на скалу к моменту, когда они посмотрели), *had never felt* (никогда в жизни до этого момента не чувствовали).